Biomolecules and metabolic pathways, clinical laboratory tests, normal values and their interpretation
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Subtopics in this bank
Biomolecules, Bioenergetics and EnzymologyBlood chemistry normal valuesCarbohydrate metabolismHaematology testsIntermediary Metabolism and Biological Oxidation: Carbohydrate, Lipid and Amino Acid Pathways with Associated DisordersLiver function testsRenal function testsUrine analysis
Sample questions, with the reasoning
Every served question is explained like this — including why each wrong option is wrong.
A markedly raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) most generally indicates:
A)Normal health
B)A specific diagnosis of tuberculosis
C)Blood group incompatibility
D)An ongoing inflammatory or chronic infective process✓
Why D is correct
Inflammation raises plasma fibrinogen and globulins, which make red cells stack into rouleaux and settle faster. The ESR is therefore a NON-SPECIFIC index: useful for detecting and monitoring inflammatory activity (TB, rheumatic diseases, chronic sepsis) but incapable of naming the disease.
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A neutral (monoamino, monocarboxylic) amino acid such as alanine has an α-carboxyl group with pKa₁ = 2.3 and an α-amino group with pKa₂ = 9.7. What is its approximate isoelectric point (pI), and which species predominates there?
A)pI ≈ 6.0; the amino acid exists predominantly as the zwitterion (net charge zero).✓
B)pI ≈ 6.0; it exists predominantly as the fully protonated cation.
C)pI ≈ 12.0 (the sum of the two pKa values); predominantly the anion.
D)pI ≈ 3.5; predominantly the zwitterion.
Why A is correct
For an amino acid with no ionizable side chain the isoelectric point is the mean of the two pKa values flanking the zwitterion: pI = ½(2.3 + 9.7) = 6.0, at which the net charge is zero (zwitterion predominates).
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All of the following amino acid residues are commonly utilized in the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes as covalent catalysis nucleophiles or general acid-base catalysts EXCEPT:
A)Serine
B)Leucine✓
C)Histidine
D)Cysteine
Why B is correct
Leucine is a purely hydrophobic, aliphatic amino acid with an isobutyl side chain that lacks any functional group capable of acting as a nucleophile, electrophile, or general acid-base catalyst under physiological conditions. It is typically buried in protein interiors or involved in hydrophobic interactions rather than active sites.
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